{"id":6327,"date":"2025-12-23T13:16:25","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T13:16:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gerbincontrol.nl\/solutions\/machine-safety-control-cabinets-pld-ple\/"},"modified":"2026-06-09T11:17:45","modified_gmt":"2026-06-09T11:17:45","slug":"machine-safety-control-cabinets-pld-ple","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/standards\/machine-safety-control-cabinets-pld-ple\/","title":{"rendered":"EN-ISO 13849-1 and Performance Level in control."},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6327\" class=\"elementor elementor-6327 elementor-6320\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fa4cf9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5fa4cf9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb8b85f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fb8b85f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38cad96 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"38cad96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Performance Level determined and demonstrably achieved<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">From category and architecture to secure control cabinet<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">In accordance with EN-ISO 13849-1 and the Machinery Directive<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c150378 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c150378\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/requesting-a-quote\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-arrow-alt-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248zm-448 0c0-110.5 89.5-200 200-200s200 89.5 200 200-89.5 200-200 200S56 366.5 56 256zm72 20v-40c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h116v-67c0-10.7 12.9-16 20.5-8.5l99 99c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17l-99 99c-7.6 7.6-20.5 2.2-20.5-8.5v-67H140c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Quote Request<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52b70a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52b70a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a30ca8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a30ca8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97934d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97934d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is a Safety Instrumented System?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18b43f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18b43f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"YgAi6HZ2axpDKwxe5to_m\">EN-ISO 13849-1 is the standard that describes how to determine and realize the reliability of a safety function in the control of a machine. That reliability is expressed in a Performance Level (PL), from PLa to PLe: the higher the risk, the higher the required PL. The required Performance Level follows from the <a class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/services\/software-engineering\/machine-safety\/risk-assessment-of-machinery\/\">risk assessment<\/a>, and is determined by the chosen category (control architecture), MTTFd (mean time to dangerous error), diagnostic coverage and protection against common errors. PLd and PLe are the highest levels and apply to machines where failure can lead to serious injury.   <\/p><p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"nSTuGfcMbxhZhP_d3wmYu\">The distinguishing point is in the execution: in the control cabinet, the safety functions come together physically. Emergency stop circuits, door monitoring and safety relays are brought together here into a single controllable and documented safety chain and executed in a technically correct manner. A properly designed control cabinet thus supports safe operation, clear fault detection and predictable operation of machines and plants.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d889f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d889f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"bjnKtnGEJEnCsn1K0Rh6K\">This standard falls within the broader framework of <a class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/services\/software-engineering\/machine-safety\/\">machine safety<\/a>. Revised as EN-ISO 13849-1:2023, the standard aligns with Machinery Regulation 2023\/1230, which succeeds the Machinery Directive. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a4ef40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0a4ef40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb076cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"fb076cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"3440\" class=\"elementor elementor-3440 elementor-3437 elementor-3437\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2379910 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2379910\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10ad5de elementor-hidden-mobile e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10ad5de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05c5de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e05c5de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce4eb0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ce4eb0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Panel Building Pioneers for Mechanical Engineering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d90163c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d90163c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With the precision of a watchmaker and the agility of an acrobat, Kwadrant IA is committed to creating custom electrical panels for mechanical engineering. As a resilient player in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/services\/panel-building\/\">panel building<\/a>, we move quickly without sacrificing quality or durability. Step into our world of innovation and discover how we can take your mechanical engineering projects to the next level.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d4a264 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2d4a264\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8c137 0 248 111 248 248S393 504 256 504 8 393 8 256 119 8 256 8zm-28.9 143.6l75.5 72.4H120c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24v16c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h182.6l-75.5 72.4c-9.7 9.3-9.9 24.8-.4 34.3l11 10.9c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0L404.3 273c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6 0-33.9L271.6 106.3c-9.4-9.4-24.6-9.4-33.9 0l-11 10.9c-9.5 9.6-9.3 25.1.4 34.4z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Request an instant panel building quote<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-923bb39 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"923bb39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eb3c61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3eb3c61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a06756 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a06756\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3ad3fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f3ad3fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How do you determine the required Performance Level?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5817b47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5817b47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"g-DribMJs1tqRP2gpVUz5\">The required Performance Level is derived from the riskograph of EN-ISO 13849-1, based on three factors.<\/p><ul class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__ul\"><li class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__listItem\" value=\"1\"><b><strong class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__textBold\">Severity (S):<\/strong><\/b> The severity of possible injury, mild or severe and irreversible.<\/li><li class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__listItem\" value=\"2\"><b><strong class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__textBold\">Frequency (F):<\/strong><\/b> How often and for how long a person is exposed to the hazard.<\/li><li class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__listItem\" value=\"3\"><b><strong class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__textBold\">Possibility (P):<\/strong><\/b> The ability to avoid the hazard.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"SdHwPmKtOxjaGLxGtFkdT\">These three lead through the riskograph to the required PL (PLr). Then the realized PL is substantiated by the category, MTTFd, diagnostic coverage (DC), B10d value of components and PFHd. Tools such as SISTEMA are used to calculate and record this.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00890d5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"00890d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81da6bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81da6bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Categories and control architecture\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de21d63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de21d63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"5_hiCB2WTyh8rqItM3Eis\">The category describes how the safety chain is structured and how it handles errors. Together with the reliability of safety-related parts of control systems (SRP\/CS), the category determines the achievable Performance Level. <\/p><ul class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__ul\"><li class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__listItem\" value=\"1\"><b><strong class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__textBold\">Category B and 1:<\/strong><\/b> basic reliability through suitable components, without fault detection.<\/li><li class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__listItem\" value=\"2\"><b><strong class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__textBold\">Category 2:<\/strong><\/b> the safety function is periodically tested.<\/li><li class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__listItem\" value=\"3\"><b><strong class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__textBold\">Category 3:<\/strong><\/b> a single fault does not lead to loss of safety function (single fault tolerance).<\/li><li class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__listItem\" value=\"4\"><b><strong class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__textBold\">Category 4:<\/strong><\/b> faults are detected and function is maintained even when accumulated. Required for the highest PLs. <\/li><\/ul><p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"v6PQsELCTtw5_iu2imcR4\">Design also involves fault exclusion (the reasoned exclusion of certain failure modes) and common cause protection. These choices are recorded in the justification of the realized PL. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34ba7dc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"34ba7dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c508f96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c508f96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Performance Level (PL) or Safety Integrity Level (SIL)?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a553bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a553bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"BogUSzDqQqIWVdl2FtGgw\">For functional safety, two standards frameworks exist and are used side by side.<\/p><p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"nD2hPGwUBdgfLxwkoseLL\">EN-ISO 13849-1 (Performance Level) is the most widely used standard in mechanical engineering and suitable for all technologies, including hydraulics and pneumatics. EN-IEC 62061 (Safety Integrity Level) is also applicable and aligns with the process industry approach according to IEC 61511. For most machines, a PL assessment is sufficient; for complex or process-related installations, a SIL approach may be more appropriate.  <\/p><p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"BX0_azAvf_s2ZXZYmMTPc\">In a nutshell: PL and EN-ISO 13849-1 belong to machine safety, while <a class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/standards\/sil2-sil3-safety-plc-for-process-industry\/\">Safety Integrity Level (SIL) and IEC 61511<\/a> belong to the process industry.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eefb9af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eefb9af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4406010 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4406010\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;],&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:80,&quot;sticky_offset_tablet&quot;:3,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16ffdb7 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"16ffdb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-pen-alt\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M497.94 74.17l-60.11-60.11c-18.75-18.75-49.16-18.75-67.91 0l-56.55 56.55 128.02 128.02 56.55-56.55c18.75-18.75 18.75-49.15 0-67.91zm-246.8-20.53c-15.62-15.62-40.94-15.62-56.56 0L75.8 172.43c-6.25 6.25-6.25 16.38 0 22.62l22.63 22.63c6.25 6.25 16.38 6.25 22.63 0l101.82-101.82 22.63 22.62L93.95 290.03A327.038 327.038 0 0 0 .17 485.11l-.03.23c-1.7 15.28 11.21 28.2 26.49 26.51a327.02 327.02 0 0 0 195.34-93.8l196.79-196.79-82.77-82.77-84.85-84.85z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8ec8ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8ec8ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">CONTACT US<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24d12a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"24d12a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"2836\" class=\"elementor elementor-2836 elementor-2832 elementor-2832\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56641d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56641d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f66afd7\" data-id=\"f66afd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec91d54 fluent-form-widget-step-header-yes fluent-form-widget-step-progressbar-yes fluentform-widget-submit-button-custom elementor-widget elementor-widget-fluent-form-widget\" data-id=\"ec91d54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"fluent-form-widget.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"fluentform-widget-wrapper hide-fluent-form-labels fluentform-widget-align-default\">\n\n            \n            <div class='fluentform ff-default fluentform_wrapper_7 ffs_default_wrap'><form data-form_id=\"7\" id=\"fluentform_7\" class=\"frm-fluent-form fluent_form_7 ff-el-form-top ff_form_instance_7_1 ff-form-loading ffs_default\" data-form_instance=\"ff_form_instance_7_1\" method=\"POST\" ><fieldset  style=\"border: none!important;margin: 0!important;padding: 0!important;background-color: transparent!important;box-shadow: none!important;outline: none!important; min-inline-size: 100%;\">\n                    <legend class=\"ff_screen_reader_title\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0!important;padding: 0!important;height: 0!important;text-indent: -999999px;width: 0!important;overflow:hidden;\">Contact formulier EN (#7)<\/legend><input type='hidden' name='__fluent_form_embded_post_id' value='6327' \/><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"_fluentform_7_fluentformnonce\" name=\"_fluentform_7_fluentformnonce\" value=\"69c960d7d8\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wp_http_referer\" value=\"\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6327\" \/><div data-type=\"name-element\" data-name=\"names\" class=\" ff-field_container ff-name-field-wrapper\" ><div class='ff-t-container'><div class='ff-t-cell '><div class='ff-el-group  ff-el-form-top'><div class=\"ff-el-input--label ff-el-is-required asterisk-right\"><label for='ff_7_names_first_name_' id='label_ff_7_names_first_name_' >First Name<\/label><\/div><div class='ff-el-input--content'><input type=\"text\" name=\"names[first_name]\" id=\"ff_7_names_first_name_\" class=\"ff-el-form-control\" placeholder=\"First Name\" aria-invalid=\"false\" aria-required=true><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class='ff-t-cell '><div class='ff-el-group  ff-el-form-top'><div class=\"ff-el-input--label ff-el-is-required asterisk-right\"><label for='ff_7_names_last_name_' id='label_ff_7_names_last_name_' >Last Name<\/label><\/div><div class='ff-el-input--content'><input type=\"text\" name=\"names[last_name]\" id=\"ff_7_names_last_name_\" class=\"ff-el-form-control\" placeholder=\"Last Name\" aria-invalid=\"false\" aria-required=true><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-type=\"name-element\" data-name=\"names_1\" class=\" ff-field_container ff-name-field-wrapper\" ><div class='ff-t-container'><div class='ff-t-cell '><div class='ff-el-group  ff-el-form-top'><div class=\"ff-el-input--label ff-el-is-required asterisk-right\"><label for='ff_7_names_1_first_name_' id='label_ff_7_names_1_first_name_' >Company Name<\/label><\/div><div class='ff-el-input--content'><input type=\"text\" name=\"names_1[first_name]\" id=\"ff_7_names_1_first_name_\" class=\"ff-el-form-control\" placeholder=\"Company Name\" aria-invalid=\"false\" aria-required=true><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class='ff-el-group'><div class=\"ff-el-input--label ff-el-is-required asterisk-right\"><label for='ff_7_email' id='label_ff_7_email' aria-label=\"Email\">Email<\/label><\/div><div class='ff-el-input--content'><input type=\"email\" name=\"email\" id=\"ff_7_email\" class=\"ff-el-form-control\" placeholder=\"Email\" data-name=\"email\"  aria-invalid=\"false\" aria-required=true><\/div><\/div><div class='ff-el-group'><div class=\"ff-el-input--label asterisk-right\"><label for='ff_7_phone' id='label_ff_7_phone' aria-label=\"Phone Number\">Phone Number<\/label><\/div><div class='ff-el-input--content'><input name=\"phone\" class=\"ff-el-form-control ff-el-phone\" type=\"tel\" placeholder=\"Phone Number\" data-name=\"phone\" id=\"ff_7_phone\" inputmode=\"tel\"  aria-invalid='false' aria-required=false><\/div><\/div><div class='ff-el-group'><div class=\"ff-el-input--label ff-el-is-required asterisk-right\"><label for='ff_7_description' id='label_ff_7_description' aria-label=\"Your Message\">Your Message<\/label><\/div><div class='ff-el-input--content'><textarea aria-required=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"label_ff_7_description\" name=\"description\" id=\"ff_7_description\" class=\"ff-el-form-control\" placeholder=\"Please tell us how we can help you\" rows=\"5\" cols=\"2\" data-name=\"description\" ><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><div class='ff-el-group ff-text-center ff_submit_btn_wrapper'><button type=\"submit\" class=\"ff-btn ff-btn-submit ff-btn-lg ff_btn_style\"  aria-label=\"Send\">Send<\/button><\/div><\/fieldset><input\n                    class=\"apbct_special_field apbct_email_id__elementor_form\"\n                    name=\"apbct__email_id__elementor_form\"\n                    aria-label=\"apbct__label_id__elementor_form\"\n                    type=\"text\" size=\"30\" maxlength=\"200\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n                    value=\"\"\n                \/><input\n                    class=\"apbct_special_field apbct_email_id__elementor_form\"\n                    name=\"apbct__email_id__elementor_form\"\n                    aria-label=\"apbct__label_id__elementor_form\"\n                    type=\"text\" size=\"30\" maxlength=\"200\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n                    value=\"\"\n                \/><\/form><div id='fluentform_7_errors' class='ff-errors-in-stack ff_form_instance_7_1 ff-form-loading_errors ff_form_instance_7_1_errors'><\/div><\/div>            <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n                window.fluent_form_ff_form_instance_7_1 = {\"id\":\"7\",\"ajaxUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\\\/wp-admin\\\/admin-ajax.php\",\"settings\":{\"layout\":{\"labelPlacement\":\"top\",\"helpMessagePlacement\":\"with_label\",\"errorMessagePlacement\":\"inline\",\"cssClassName\":\"\",\"asteriskPlacement\":\"asterisk-right\"},\"restrictions\":{\"denyEmptySubmission\":{\"enabled\":false}}},\"form_instance\":\"ff_form_instance_7_1\",\"form_id_selector\":\"fluentform_7\",\"rules\":{\"names[first_name]\":{\"required\":{\"value\":true,\"message\":\"This field is required\"}},\"names[middle_name]\":{\"required\":{\"value\":false,\"message\":\"This field is required\"}},\"names[last_name]\":{\"required\":{\"value\":true,\"message\":\"This field is required\"}},\"names_1[first_name]\":{\"required\":{\"value\":true,\"message\":\"Dit veld is verplicht\"}},\"names_1[middle_name]\":{\"required\":{\"value\":false,\"message\":\"This field is required\"}},\"names_1[last_name]\":{\"required\":{\"value\":false,\"message\":\"This field is required\"}},\"email\":{\"required\":{\"value\":true,\"message\":\"Dit veld is verplicht\"},\"email\":{\"value\":true,\"message\":\"Dit veld moet een correct mailadres bevatten\"}},\"phone\":{\"required\":{\"value\":false,\"message\":\"This field is required\"},\"valid_phone_number\":{\"value\":false,\"message\":\"Phone number is not valid\"}},\"description\":{\"required\":{\"value\":true,\"message\":\"This field is required\"}}},\"debounce_time\":300,\"file_upload_settings\":[]};\n                            <\/script>\n                        <\/div>\n\n            \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a08fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7a08fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dd6dcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"0dd6dcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"container\" data-elementor-id=\"5185\" class=\"elementor elementor-5185 elementor-5172 elementor-5172\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-609eba79 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"609eba79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17701e8a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"17701e8a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-636b569d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"636b569d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Years of experience in the field of industrial automation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-132b692b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"132b692b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35e9323a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35e9323a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c662c86 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-counter\" data-id=\"1c662c86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"counter.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-title\">Satisfied customers<\/div>\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-number-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-prefix\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number\" data-duration=\"2000\" data-to-value=\"115\" data-from-value=\"0\" data-delimiter=\",\">0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-suffix\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39ad1c07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39ad1c07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40a3e7f5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-counter\" data-id=\"40a3e7f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"counter.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-title\">Panels built<\/div>\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-number-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-prefix\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number\" data-duration=\"2000\" data-to-value=\"5500\" data-from-value=\"0\" data-delimiter=\",\">0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-suffix\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b21f41 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b21f41\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61f54eaf elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-counter\" data-id=\"61f54eaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"counter.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-title\">Years of experience<\/div>\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-number-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-prefix\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number\" data-duration=\"2000\" data-to-value=\"26\" data-from-value=\"0\" data-delimiter=\",\">0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-suffix\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5923bb3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5923bb3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-141e790 elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"141e790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"container\" data-elementor-id=\"5187\" class=\"elementor elementor-5187 elementor-5169 elementor-5169\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58434fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"58434fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c227ed1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c227ed1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb90145 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb90145\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Industrial automation with international standards\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a894a59 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a894a59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Industrial automation requires more than just a correctly constructed panel. We start with the architecture of the system and make conscious choices in component selection, standardization and scalability. By fully mastering engineering, panel construction and integration, we realize control systems that perform reliably in demanding industrial environments. From modular construction to international compliance, every detail is focused on quality, longevity and manageable Total Cost of Ownership.   <\/p><p class=\"p1\"><strong><em>We do not build standard solutions, but technically sound systems that match the complexity of modern mechanical engineering.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64d4a59 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"64d4a59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/services\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg 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850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b908ee0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b908ee0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc9918d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc9918d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eabeafd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eabeafd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1b3dde elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a1b3dde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Performance Level to a safely executed control cabinet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bebcd1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bebcd1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"n6FS3QCZ0yql4NYMP5VMg\">A Performance Level on paper is only worth as much as the execution in the cabinet. In the control cabinet the safety functions come together physically: <a class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/services\/software-engineering\/machine-safety\/safety-relays-in-the-control-system\/\">safety relays<\/a> or a safety PLC, emergency stop circuits, door monitoring and the associated wiring. Kwadrant IA realizes these according to EN-ISO 13849-1 and <a class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/standards\/nen-60204-1-machine-wiring-safety-cable-coding\/\">NEN-EN-IEC 60204-1<\/a>, and builds the cabinet itself according to NEN-EN 61439. Upon delivery, the operation is validated with a Factory Acceptance Test and Site Acceptance Test.   <\/p><p class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\" data-paragraph-uuid=\"yUuRyXHONqkZYkb8Etsns\">Because engineering, <a class=\"PlaygroundEditorTheme__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/services\/panel-building\/\">panel construction<\/a> and software are in-house, implementation matches the calculated architecture, with open calculation, a quote within five working days and UL\/CSA in-house.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de45fee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de45fee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c636990 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c636990\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/industrial-control-testing-FAT-SAT-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5963\" alt=\"industrial control testing FAT SAT\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/industrial-control-testing-FAT-SAT-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/industrial-control-testing-FAT-SAT-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/industrial-control-testing-FAT-SAT-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/industrial-control-testing-FAT-SAT.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76d0105 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"76d0105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kwadrant-ia.nl\/en\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8c137 0 248 111 248 248S393 504 256 504 8 393 8 256 119 8 256 8zm-28.9 143.6l75.5 72.4H120c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24v16c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h182.6l-75.5 72.4c-9.7 9.3-9.9 24.8-.4 34.3l11 10.9c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0L404.3 273c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6 0-33.9L271.6 106.3c-9.4-9.4-24.6-9.4-33.9 0l-11 10.9c-9.5 9.6-9.3 25.1.4 34.4z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Schedule a technical consultation<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9724f3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a9724f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b02b3cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b02b3cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc845d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc845d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently asked questions about EN-ISO 13849-1 and Performance Level\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe2d30b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe2d30b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dd233f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7dd233f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20bb934 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"20bb934\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3430\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3430\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is EN-ISO 13849-1?   <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3430\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f0e9ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0f0e9ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1911466 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1911466\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">EN-ISO 13849-1 is the standard for safety-related components of control systems. It describes how to determine the required Performance Level of a safety function and how to achieve it with the appropriate category and reliability. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3431\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3431\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is a Performance Level (PL)?   <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3431\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-995d3f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"995d3f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b02e974 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b02e974\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">The Performance Level expresses how reliable a safety function is, from PLa (lowest) to PLe (highest). The required level follows from the risk assessment based on severity of injury, frequency of exposure and ability to avoid the hazard. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3432\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3432\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> When is PLd or PLe required?   <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3432\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-277f51c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"277f51c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0c5e6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0c5e6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">PLd and PLe apply to high-risk machines, where failure could lead to serious or irreversible injury. PLe with category 4 is the highest level and is required in many robotic applications, among others. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3433\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3433\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is the difference between Performance Level and SIL?   <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3433\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1d8933 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e1d8933\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf13ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbf13ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Performance Level belongs to EN-ISO 13849-1 (machine safety), SIL to EN-IEC 62061 and IEC 61511 (fellow process industry). Both express the reliability of a safety function within its own standards framework. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3434\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3434\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How is a Performance Level calculated?   <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3434\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8038136 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8038136\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2700e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2700e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">The realized PL is substantiated by the category (architecture), the MTTFd, the diagnostic coverage and the PFHd, often using the tool SISTEMA, which records the calculation. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is EN-ISO 13849-1?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"EN-ISO 13849-1 is the standard for safety-related components of control systems. 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